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          CHAPTER 3 - CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE

                                                (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)

 

            I. ORGANIC = contain Carbon (ex. CO and CO2)

 

4 BONDS, 4 VALENCE e- , bonds most often with HNOPS.

 

            B.  HYDROCARBONS contain C and H, often in long chains, fossil fuels (p. 34)

 

            C. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS replace an H.  They give the molecule

                  special chemical properties (-OH is a hydroxyl) (p. 35)

 

            D. ENERGY - stored in chemical bonds. 

                  1. Breaking the bonds è releases energy. 

                  2. Forming bonds requires (and stores) energy.

 

            E. MONOMERS = building blocks

 

            F. POLYMERS = chains of building blocks = MACROMOLECULES

 

            II. 4 MAJOR ORGANIC MOLECULES IN CELLS (p. 36 & 37)

 

            A. CARBOHYDRATES - CH20, SUGARS/SACCHARIDES, -ose (p. 37-41)

                                  - ENERGY, STRUCTURE

              *1. MONOSACCHARIDES - single sugar: GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE

a.    3-7 C: PENTOSE(5), HEXOSE(6)

b.    ISOMER - same empirical formula, different arrangement (p. 39)

                  2. DISACCHARIDES - double sugars: SUCROSE, transport form (p. 39)

                  3. POLYSACCHARIDES - many sugars

                        a. PLANTS: STARCH, CELLULOSE, CHITIN

                        b. ANIMALS: GLYCOGEN

                  4. Condensation/Dehydration rxn - makes bonds, produces water     

                        (p. 37 & 39) Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose + water.

                  5. Hydrolysis rxn - breaks bonds, requires water (the opposite of         

                        the above reaction).

 

            B. LIPIDS - C,H, less O, FATS, OILS, WAXES, nonpolar, hydrophobic (p. 53-56)

                  1. TRIGLYCERIDE = GLYCEROL + 3 FATTY ACIDS (p. 54)

                  2. SATURATED - F.A. hydrogenated, no C=C, animals & palm oil, solids

                  3. UNSATURATED - C=C present, plants & fish, liquids @ room temp.

                  4. Phospholipid - (p. 55) Amphipathic - 2 natures:            

                        hydrophilic head with a fatty acid tail that is hydrophobic.

                  5. Membranes

 

 

 

                  6. Steroids - 4 interlocking rings, cholesterol, vit. & hormones (p. 55)

                        a. Atherosclerosis - blockage of the arteries.

                              i. LDL -Low Density Lipoproteins deliver cholesterol -

                                    delivery trucks, bad guys

                              i. HDL -High Density Lipoproteins pick up extra fatty                                                               deposits,                                                              garbage trucks, good guys

                        b. saturated fats increase LDL

                        c. unsaturated fats increase HDL

                  7.FXN- VIPERS

                        VITAMINS (A,D,E,K)            ENERGY - 3X carbos or proteins

                        INSULATION                        REGULATION (HORMONES)                  

                        PROTECTION                      STRUCTURE (PHOSPHOLIPIDS)

 

            C. PROTEINS - aka POLYPEPTIDES, C,H,O,N, & some S (p. 44 - 53)

                *1. AMINO ACID - (20) (p. 47)

                  2. STRUCTURE             a. 10, PEPTIDE BONDS join A.A.s into chain

                     (p. 49)                            b. 20 - HELIX/SHEET - H-bonds, disulfide bridges

                                                            c. 30 - GLOBULAR, ENZYMES - shape

                                                            d. 40 - 30's joined together, HEMOGLOBIN (p. 49)

                  3. FXN - TIMERS (p. 44)

                        TRANSPORT                                   ENZYMES & ENERGY

                        IMMUNITY -ANTIBODIES)             REGULATION - HORMONES

                        MOTION - MUSCLES                      STRUCTURE (COLLAG., KERAT)

                               

                  4. DENATURE - loss of fxn due to change in shape of enzyme (p. 52)

                        a. due to change in TEMP, pH, other chemicals

 

            D. NUCLEIC ACIDS - DNA & RNA, C,H,N,O,P (p. 41-44)

                *1. NUCLEOTIDE - (p. 42)                                 

                  2. DNA - NUCLEUS, HEREDITARY INFO, DOUBLE HELIX/STRAND

                  3. RNA - NUCLEUS & CYTOPLASM, SINGLE STRAND

                  4. ATP -    a. ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (p. 44)

                                    b. ENERGY CURRENCY OF CELLS

                                    c. 2,000,000 ATP/SEC/CELL AT REST !

                                    d. 75 trillion cells in body --

                                                150 X 1014 ATP used/sec in body ! ! !

 

Last modified at 2/26/2010 9:14 AM  by Fitch, Rob