CHAPTER 3 - CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE
(ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)
I. ORGANIC = contain Carbon (ex. CO and CO2)
4 BONDS, 4 VALENCE e- , bonds most often with HNOPS.
B. HYDROCARBONS contain C and H, often in long chains, fossil fuels (p. 34)
C. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS replace an H. They give the molecule
special chemical properties (-OH is a hydroxyl) (p. 35)
D. ENERGY - stored in chemical bonds.
1. Breaking the bonds è releases energy.
2. Forming bonds requires (and stores) energy.
E. MONOMERS = building blocks
F. POLYMERS = chains of building blocks = MACROMOLECULES
II. 4 MAJOR ORGANIC MOLECULES IN CELLS (p. 36 & 37)
A. CARBOHYDRATES - CH20, SUGARS/SACCHARIDES, -ose (p. 37-41)
- ENERGY, STRUCTURE
*1. MONOSACCHARIDES - single sugar: GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE
a. 3-7 C: PENTOSE(5), HEXOSE(6)
b. ISOMER - same empirical formula, different arrangement (p. 39)
2. DISACCHARIDES - double sugars: SUCROSE, transport form (p. 39)
3. POLYSACCHARIDES - many sugars
a. PLANTS: STARCH, CELLULOSE, CHITIN
b. ANIMALS: GLYCOGEN
4. Condensation/Dehydration rxn - makes bonds, produces water
(p. 37 & 39) Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose + water.
5. Hydrolysis rxn - breaks bonds, requires water (the opposite of
the above reaction).
B. LIPIDS - C,H, less O, FATS, OILS, WAXES, nonpolar, hydrophobic (p. 53-56)
1. TRIGLYCERIDE = GLYCEROL + 3 FATTY ACIDS (p. 54)
2. SATURATED - F.A. hydrogenated, no C=C, animals & palm oil, solids
3. UNSATURATED - C=C present, plants & fish, liquids @ room temp.
4. Phospholipid - (p. 55) Amphipathic - 2 natures:
hydrophilic head with a fatty acid tail that is hydrophobic.
5. Membranes
6. Steroids - 4 interlocking rings, cholesterol, vit. & hormones (p. 55)
a. Atherosclerosis - blockage of the arteries.
i. LDL -Low Density Lipoproteins deliver cholesterol -
delivery trucks, bad guys
i. HDL -High Density Lipoproteins pick up extra fatty deposits, garbage trucks, good guys
b. saturated fats increase LDL
c. unsaturated fats increase HDL
7.FXN- VIPERS
VITAMINS (A,D,E,K) ENERGY - 3X carbos or proteins
INSULATION REGULATION (HORMONES)
PROTECTION STRUCTURE (PHOSPHOLIPIDS)
C. PROTEINS - aka POLYPEPTIDES, C,H,O,N, & some S (p. 44 - 53)
*1. AMINO ACID - (20) (p. 47)
2. STRUCTURE a. 10, PEPTIDE BONDS join A.A.s into chain
(p. 49) b. 20 - HELIX/SHEET - H-bonds, disulfide bridges
c. 30 - GLOBULAR, ENZYMES - shape
d. 40 - 30's joined together, HEMOGLOBIN (p. 49)
3. FXN - TIMERS (p. 44)
TRANSPORT ENZYMES & ENERGY
IMMUNITY -ANTIBODIES) REGULATION - HORMONES
MOTION - MUSCLES STRUCTURE (COLLAG., KERAT)
4. DENATURE - loss of fxn due to change in shape of enzyme (p. 52)
a. due to change in TEMP, pH, other chemicals
D. NUCLEIC ACIDS - DNA & RNA, C,H,N,O,P (p. 41-44)
*1. NUCLEOTIDE - (p. 42)
2. DNA - NUCLEUS, HEREDITARY INFO, DOUBLE HELIX/STRAND
3. RNA - NUCLEUS & CYTOPLASM, SINGLE STRAND
4. ATP - a. ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (p. 44)
b. ENERGY CURRENCY OF CELLS
c. 2,000,000 ATP/SEC/CELL AT REST !
d. 75 trillion cells in body --
150 X 1014 ATP used/sec in body ! ! !