CHAPTER 1 - THE HUMAN ORGANISM
I. ANATOMY - (Gk) Ana = up; tome = a cutting FORM/structure
A. MICROANATOMY 1. CYTOLOGY = cells (Gk. Kytos = a hollow)
2. HISTOLOGY = tissues (Gk. histo = web)
B. GROSS ANATOMY 1. SYSTEMIC - our way
2. REGIONAL- med school
II. PHYSIOLOGY - (Gk.) Physis = nature/vital processes FUNCTION
Logos = word/study of
III. A & P ORGANIZATIONAL LEVELS - 6 (p. 3)
1. CHEMICAL - 92 elements make up all matter
- electron interactions = chemical rxns
2. CELL -75-100 trillion; basic unit of life
a. ORGANELLES -subcellular, fxnl units of cells
3. TISSUES -4 types, cells w/similar form & function
4. ORGANS -2 or more tissues working together to perform fxn
5. ORGAN SYSTEMS - 2 or more organs performing 1 set of fxns (p. 7-8)
"NICLMURDERS" - 11 NERVOUS, INTEGUMENT, CARDIOVASCULAR,
LYMPHATIC, MUSCULAR, URINARY, RESPIRATORY, DIGESTIVE,
ENDOCRINE, REPRODUCTIVE, SKELETAL
6. ORGANISM -1 of any living thing
-unicellular or multicellular
IV. THE HUMAN ORGANISM
A. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE - 6 (p. 6-7)
1. ORGANIZATION
2. METABOLISM
3. RESPONSIVENESS
4. GROWTH
5. DEVELOPMENT
6. REPRODUCTION
B. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH
1. MODELS
2. OTHER ORGANISMS - bacteriaècats
3. HUMANS
V. HOMEOSTASIS - (Gk.) Homoio = like/same; Stasis = standing (p. 9)
-Maint. of constant internal envt., equilibrium
-Narrow, well-defined limits
A. DISEASE - perturbation of homeostasis, state of non-health
- body acts to re-acquire homeostasis
- is it always bad to upset homeo? NO! –BP during exercise (p. 12)
1. HYPERTENSION - blood pressure too HI
2. HYPOTENSION - blood pressure too LOW
B. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK- restores homeostasis (p. 10)
- usually beneficial
- most are: b.p., temp., resp., sugar, etc.
C. POSITIVE FEEDBACK - increases deviation from homeostasis (p. 12)
- usually harmful
- few are beneficial: parturition, uterine contractions
VI. TERMINOLOGY & BODY PLAN = ETYMOLOGY = word origins
A. DIRECTIONAL TERMS
1. STANDARD ANATOMIC POSITION SAP
2. KNOW Table 1.1, p. 14, (Fig 1.10, p. 13)
3. Terms used regardless of position body in.
4. PRONE - face down
5. SUPINE - face up
B. BODY REGIONS (Fig. 1.11, p. 15 - 16)
1. AXIAL/CENTRAL - Head & Trunk
2. APPENDICULAR - Limbs/Extremities
a. ARM - shoulder to elbow
b. FOREARM - elbow to wrist
c. THIGH - waist to knee
d. LEG - knee to ankle
3. ABDOMEN - a. 4 quadrants (Fig 1.12, p. 16)
b. 9 regions
C. PLANES (Fig. 1.13, p. 17)
1. MIDSAGITTAL/MEDIAN - equal left & right halves
2. PARASAGITTAL - unequal left & right halves
3. HORIZONTAL/TRANSVERSE - superior & inferior halves
4. FRONTAL/CORONAL - Anterior/Front & Posterior/Back
5. ORGAN SECTIONS - a. LONGITUDINAL - long axis
(Fig. 1.14, p. 18) b. TRANSVERSE/CROSS - rt. to long.
c. OBLIQUE - any angle other than a or b
D. BODY CAVITIES (Fig. 1.15, p. 18)
1. DORSAL - cranial & spinal. . .later
2. TRUNK
a. THORACIC - i. surrounded by rib cage
ii. separated by abdom. by diaphragm
iii. MEDIASTINUM - hrt, eso., trach., thym.
b. ABDOMINAL - viscera
c. PELVIC - i. bladder & internal reprod. organs
ii. pelvic basin encloses
3. SEROUS MEMBRANES - line body cavities, secrete fluid
- (Fig 1.16, p. 19 & 1.17, p. 20)
a. PARIETAL- lines wall c. PLEURA - lungs
b. VISCERAL - lines organ d. PERICARDIUM - heart
e. PERITONEUM - abd/pelv.
Combine to name membrane; example: parietal pericardium
4. MESENTERY -
a. part of peritoneum
b. anchors organs in place
c. path for blood vessels, nerves
5. RETROPERITONEAL
a. behind peritoneum
b. kidney, adrenals, bladder, pancreas
VII. ANATOMICAL IMAGING
-noninvasive viewing of internal structures
-KNOW 7 major techniques on p. 4-5.