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                                    CH. 29 - DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH & AGING

 

I. PRENATAL = Conception è Parturition, 3 phases

 

            A. GERMINAL - 1st 2 weeks

                        1. Fertilized egg è Uterus

                        2. Steps: (Fig. 29.2, p. 1078)

                                    a. ZYGOTE - Fertilized egg

                                    b. CLEAVAGE – days 1-4, mitosis

                                                é in cell #, not size

                                                PLURIPOTENT - any cell can develop into anything

                                    c. MORULA - solid ball, 12 cells, day 5

                                    d. BLASTOCYST - hollow, 32 cells, day 6

                                                - implants into endometrium (Fig. 29.3, p. 1080)

                                    e. GERMINATION - 3 embryonic layers, 13-14 days (p.1082-83)

                                                i. ECTODERM - outer, skin, nervous sys, senses

            (Tab. 29.1, p. 1083)  ii. MESODERM - middle, circ, musc, c.t., bones

                                                iii. ENDODERM - inner, G.I. lining, lungs, liver, gland

 

            B. EMBRYONIC - 2nd - 8th week (14-56 days) (Tab. 29.2, p. 1094-1095)

                        1. DETERMINATION è DIFFERENTIATION è MORPHOGENESIS

                        2. Nourishment from endometrium - PLACENTA developing

                        3. MOST SENSITIVE TO OUTSIDE INFLUENCE!

 

            C. FETUS - Nourishment from blood

                        1. 8-14 weeks

                                    a. Recognize as human

                                    b. Face present, all digits separated, skeleton ossifying

                                    c. Movement present

                        2. 14-24 weeks

                                    a. Normal human proportions

                                    b. Sex determined

                                    c. Refinement & growth

                        3. 24-36 weeks - good chance of survival outside uterus

                        4. 280 days = normal gestation, PARTURITION = BIRTH

                        5. é in size = predominant element in fetus

 

II. NEWBORN/NEONATE

 

            A. CIRCULATORY (Fig. 29.20, p. 1101-1102)

                        1. Foramen ovale closes è fossa ovalis (between L & R atria)

                        2. Ductus arteriosus è ligamentum arteriosum (PDA if not closed)

                        3. Umbilical vessels è ligamentum teres

                                                                                    (round ligament of liver)

 

 

            B. DIGESTIVE

                        1. MECONIUM - Anal dishcarge @ birth

                        2. é Stomach acid è ê pH , 30 days

                        3. Liver function - 2 weeks

 

            C. APGAR  0-10 (Tab. 29.3, p. 1103) - 9 is normal

                        1. Appearance

                        2. Pulse

                        3. Grimace

                        4. Activity

                        5. Respiration

 

III. LIFE STAGES

 

            GERMINAL èEMBRYO èFETUS èNEONATE èINFANT èCHILD è

            ADOLESCENT è YOUNG ADULT è MIDDLE ADULT è OLDER ADULT

 

IV. AGING

 

            A. CAUSES

                        1. Loss of cells not replaced

                                    a. Neurons & muscle

                        2. Loss of tissue plasticity

                                    a. é collagen cross-linkage, ê hyaluronic acid

                        3. ê efficiency of systems/immunity - can’t adjust to stress

                        4. Habits - smoking, drinking, drugs

                        5. Environment - toxics, radiation

                        6. Genetics !

                        7. Spouses, children, in-laws, boyfriends/girlfriends, (professors?)

 

V. DEATH

 

            A. Absence of respiration & heart beat

 

            B. Absence of response to stimuli

 

            C. CEREBRAL DEATH - Flat EEG for 30 minutes

 

Last modified at 6/16/2010 3:25 PM  by Fitch, Rob